21 de julho de 2010
Scientists Discover Most Massive Star
LONDON — A huge ball of brightly burning gas drifting through a neighboring galaxy may be the heaviest star ever discovered — hundreds of times more massive than the sun, scientists said Wednesday after working out its weight for the first time.
Those behind the find say the star, called R136a1, may once have weighed as much as 320 solar masses. Astrophysicist Paul Crowther said the obese star — twice as heavy as any previously discovered — has already slimmed down considerably over its lifetime.
In fact, it's burning itself off with such intensity that it shines at nearly 10 million times the luminosity of the sun.
"Unlike humans, these stars are born heavy and lose weight as they age," said Crowther, an astrophysicist at the University of Sheffield in northern England. "R136a1 is already middle-aged and has undergone an intense weight loss program."
Crowther said the giant was found at the center of a star cluster in the Tarantula Nebula, a sprawling cloud of gas and dust drifting through one of the Milky Way's neighboring galaxies.
The star was the most massive of several giants identified by Crowther and his team in an article in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
While other stars can be larger, notably the swollen crimson-colored ones known as red giants, they weigh far less.
Still, the mass of R136a1 and its ilk means they're tens of times bigger than the Earth's sun and they're brighter and hotter, too.
Surface temperatures can surpass 40,000 degrees Celsius (72,000 degrees Fahrenheit), seven times hotter than the sun. They're also several million times brighter, because the greedy giants tear through their energy reserves far faster than their smaller counterparts.
That also means that massive stars live fast and die young, quickly shedding huge amounts of material and burning themselves out in what are thought to be spectacular explosions.
"The biggest live only 3 million years," Crowther said. "In astronomy that's a very short time."
Small lifespans are one of several reasons why these obese stars are so hard to find. Another is that they're extremely rare, forming only in the densest star clusters.
Astronomers also have a limited range in which to look for them. In clusters that are too far away, it isn't always possible to tell if a telescope has picked up on one heavyweight star or two smaller ones in close proximity.
In this case, Crowther's team re-examined previously known stars to see if they could find an accurate measurement of their weight. The team reviewed archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope and gathered new readings from the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope at Paranal in Chile.
Scientists who weren't involved in the find said the results were impressive, although they cautioned it was still possible, although unlikely, that scientists had confused two very close stars for a bigger, single one.
"What they're characterizing as a single massive star could in fact be a binary system too close to be resolved," said Mark Krumholz, an astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Both he and Phillip Massey, an astronomer with the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, also cautioned that the star's weight had been inferred using scientific models and that those were subject to change.
But both scientists said the authors had made a strong case, arguing that the solar material being thrown off from feuding stars in a binary system would produce much more powerful X-rays than have been detected.Crowther acknowledged that R136a1 could have a partner, but he said it was likely to be a much smaller star, meaning that the star's its birth weight was still considerable — perhaps 300 solar masses instead of 320.
Those behind the find say the star, called R136a1, may once have weighed as much as 320 solar masses. Astrophysicist Paul Crowther said the obese star — twice as heavy as any previously discovered — has already slimmed down considerably over its lifetime.
In fact, it's burning itself off with such intensity that it shines at nearly 10 million times the luminosity of the sun.
"Unlike humans, these stars are born heavy and lose weight as they age," said Crowther, an astrophysicist at the University of Sheffield in northern England. "R136a1 is already middle-aged and has undergone an intense weight loss program."
Crowther said the giant was found at the center of a star cluster in the Tarantula Nebula, a sprawling cloud of gas and dust drifting through one of the Milky Way's neighboring galaxies.
The star was the most massive of several giants identified by Crowther and his team in an article in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
While other stars can be larger, notably the swollen crimson-colored ones known as red giants, they weigh far less.
Still, the mass of R136a1 and its ilk means they're tens of times bigger than the Earth's sun and they're brighter and hotter, too.
Surface temperatures can surpass 40,000 degrees Celsius (72,000 degrees Fahrenheit), seven times hotter than the sun. They're also several million times brighter, because the greedy giants tear through their energy reserves far faster than their smaller counterparts.
That also means that massive stars live fast and die young, quickly shedding huge amounts of material and burning themselves out in what are thought to be spectacular explosions.
"The biggest live only 3 million years," Crowther said. "In astronomy that's a very short time."
Small lifespans are one of several reasons why these obese stars are so hard to find. Another is that they're extremely rare, forming only in the densest star clusters.
Astronomers also have a limited range in which to look for them. In clusters that are too far away, it isn't always possible to tell if a telescope has picked up on one heavyweight star or two smaller ones in close proximity.
In this case, Crowther's team re-examined previously known stars to see if they could find an accurate measurement of their weight. The team reviewed archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope and gathered new readings from the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope at Paranal in Chile.
Scientists who weren't involved in the find said the results were impressive, although they cautioned it was still possible, although unlikely, that scientists had confused two very close stars for a bigger, single one.
"What they're characterizing as a single massive star could in fact be a binary system too close to be resolved," said Mark Krumholz, an astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Both he and Phillip Massey, an astronomer with the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, also cautioned that the star's weight had been inferred using scientific models and that those were subject to change.
But both scientists said the authors had made a strong case, arguing that the solar material being thrown off from feuding stars in a binary system would produce much more powerful X-rays than have been detected.Crowther acknowledged that R136a1 could have a partner, but he said it was likely to be a much smaller star, meaning that the star's its birth weight was still considerable — perhaps 300 solar masses instead of 320.
7 de novembro de 2007
Astronomers discover new planet
By Neil Bowdler
BBC science reporter
Astronomers in the US say they have found a new planet in orbit around a star 41 light years from Earth.
The discovery brings to five the number of planets orbiting the star, 55 Cancri, the most found to date in a single solar system outside our own.
Astronomers have found more than 250 planets outside our own solar system - the team behind the latest discovery have found more than anyone else.
The new planet is a gas planet about 45 times the mass of the Earth.
Their latest find is a fifth planet to add to the four they had already discovered around 55 Cancri, a double or binary star in the constellation of Cancer.
Gas giant
If the new planet, which has mild surface temperatures, has a rocky moon or moons around it, say the astronomers, then theoretically they could support liquid water.
But it is the bigger picture that is really intriguing these planet hunters.
They say this quintuple planet system has many similarities to our own.
The planets orbit a star which is similar in age and mass to our own Sun and the system also boasts its own gas giant - a planet four times the mass of our own Jupiter in a similar orbit to Jupiter.
What they have not yet found is a rocky planet like the Earth or Venus, but according to Professor Geoff Marcy, of the University of California, Berkeley, who led the work, that may only be a question of time and technology.
"There is an intriguing, mysterious gap between the fourth planet out around 55 Cancri and the Jupiter-like planet that's far away," he says.
"In that gap, we don't know what there is. Our current technology would be able to detect big planets like Neptune, Saturn and Jupiter. We don't see any of them.
"So if there are any planets there, they must be smaller, the size of the Earth.
"In fact, it's a little hard to imagine that there's just nothing there in this big gap. So the suggestion is there might be small rocky planets, like Venus, Mars or Earth."
Of course, none of these planets can actually be seen - the astronomers use tiny wobbles in the movement of the star to detect the presence of planets tugging on the star as they encircle it.
But you can see the star itself - 55 Cancri - easily, with only a pair of binoculars, at the right time of year and with a clear night sky.
BBC science reporter
Astronomers in the US say they have found a new planet in orbit around a star 41 light years from Earth.
The discovery brings to five the number of planets orbiting the star, 55 Cancri, the most found to date in a single solar system outside our own.
Astronomers have found more than 250 planets outside our own solar system - the team behind the latest discovery have found more than anyone else.
The new planet is a gas planet about 45 times the mass of the Earth.
Their latest find is a fifth planet to add to the four they had already discovered around 55 Cancri, a double or binary star in the constellation of Cancer.
Gas giant
If the new planet, which has mild surface temperatures, has a rocky moon or moons around it, say the astronomers, then theoretically they could support liquid water.
But it is the bigger picture that is really intriguing these planet hunters.
They say this quintuple planet system has many similarities to our own.
The planets orbit a star which is similar in age and mass to our own Sun and the system also boasts its own gas giant - a planet four times the mass of our own Jupiter in a similar orbit to Jupiter.
What they have not yet found is a rocky planet like the Earth or Venus, but according to Professor Geoff Marcy, of the University of California, Berkeley, who led the work, that may only be a question of time and technology.
"There is an intriguing, mysterious gap between the fourth planet out around 55 Cancri and the Jupiter-like planet that's far away," he says.
"In that gap, we don't know what there is. Our current technology would be able to detect big planets like Neptune, Saturn and Jupiter. We don't see any of them.
"So if there are any planets there, they must be smaller, the size of the Earth.
"In fact, it's a little hard to imagine that there's just nothing there in this big gap. So the suggestion is there might be small rocky planets, like Venus, Mars or Earth."
Of course, none of these planets can actually be seen - the astronomers use tiny wobbles in the movement of the star to detect the presence of planets tugging on the star as they encircle it.
But you can see the star itself - 55 Cancri - easily, with only a pair of binoculars, at the right time of year and with a clear night sky.
29 de setembro de 2006
Pequena Lucy
NEW YORK (AP) -- Scientists have discovered a remarkably complete skeleton of a 3-year-old female from the ape-man species represented by "Lucy."
The discovery should fuel a contentious debate about whether this species, which walked upright, also climbed and moved through trees easily like an ape.
The remains are 3.3 million years old, making them the oldest known skeleton of such a youthful human ancestor.
"It's pretty unbelievable" to find such a complete fossil from that long ago, said scientist Fred Spoor. "It's a once-in-a-lifetime find."
Spoor, professor of evolutionary anatomy at University College London, describes the fossil in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature with Zeresenay Alemseged of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and other scientists.
The skeleton was discovered in 2000 in northeastern Ethiopia. Scientists have spent five painstaking years removing the bones from sandstone, and the job will take years more to complete.
Judging by how well it was preserved, the skeleton may have come from a body that was quickly buried by sediment in a flood, the researchers said.
The creature was a member of Australopithecus afarensis, which lived in Africa between about 4 million and 3 million years ago. The most famous afarensis is Lucy, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, which lived about 100,000 years after the newfound specimen.
Most scientists believe afarensis stood upright and walked on two feet, but they argue about whether it had ape-like agility in trees.
That climbing ability would require anatomical equipment like long arms, and afarensis had arms that dangled down to just above the knees. The question is whether such features indicate climbing ability or just evolutionary baggage.
Spoor said so far, analysis of the new fossil hasn't settled the argument but does seem to indicate some climbing ability.
While the lower body is very human-like, he said, the upper body is ape-like:
A big question is what the foot bones will show when their sandstone casing is removed, he said. Will there be a grasping big toe like the opposable thumb of a human hand? Such a chimp-like feature would argue for climbing ability, he said.
Yet, to resolve the debate, scientists may have to find a way to inspect vanishingly small details of such old bones, to get clues to how those bones were used in life, he said.
Bernard Wood of George Washington University, who didn't participate in the discovery, said in an interview that the fossil provides strong evidence of climbing ability. But he also agreed that it won't settle the debate among scientists, which he said "makes the Middle East look like a picnic."
Overall, he wrote in a Nature commentary, the discovery provides "a veritable mine of information about a crucial stage in human evolutionary history."
The fossil revealed just the second hyoid bone to be recovered from any human ancestor. This tiny bone, which attaches to the tongue muscles, is very chimp-like in the new specimen, Spoor said.
While that doesn't directly reveal anything about language, it does suggest that whatever sounds the creature made "would appeal more to a chimpanzee mother than a human mother," Spoor said.
The fossil find includes the complete skull, including an impression of the brain and the lower jaw, all the vertebrae from the neck to just below the torso, all the ribs, both shoulder blades and both collarbones, the right elbow and part of a hand, both knees and much of both shin and thigh bones.
One foot is almost complete, providing the first time scientists have found an afarensis foot with the bones still positioned as they were in life, Spoor said.
The work was funded by the National Geographic Society, the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University, the Leakey Foundation and the Planck institute.
31 de julho de 2005
Planeta X
Uma equipa de astrónomos norte--americanos, parcialmente financiada pela NASA, confirmou esta sexta-feira a descoberta do "décimo planeta" do sistema solar. O 2003-UB 313, nome provisório do achado, foi avistado pela primeira vez em Outubro de 2003, através do telescópio Samuel Oschin, do Observatório de Monte Palomar, na Califórnia. Mas só a 8 de Janeiro deste ano os cientistas dos EUA concluíram tratar-se de um planeta. O timing deste anúncio, numa altura em que a NASA se debate com dificuldades na missão espacial Discovery, não terá sido acidental.Segundo Mike Brown, chefe da equipa que fez esta descoberta, "o mero tamanho" desta massa comprova tratar-se de facto de um planeta. A dimensão é calculada pela luminosidade emitida, tendo em conta a percentagem de luz solar que é reflectida. E as observações já realizadas permitiram a estes cientistas concluir que o 2003-UB 313 tem, pelo menos, "o mesmo tamanho de Plutão - cerca de 220 quilómetros de diâmetro, metade da largura dos Estados Unidos -, sendo mais provável que atinja 1,5 vezes a dimensão daquele que era até agora o último planeta conhecido do sistema solar.O novo "planeta", que tal como Plutão é composto de rocha e gelo, encontra-se em plena cintura de asteróides de Kuip, orbitando a cerca de 14 400 milhões de quilómetros do Sol. Em termos de unidades astronómicas (UA, baseadas na distância entre a Terra e o Astro- -Rei), atinge os 97 valores. Planetas a mais? Os dados reunidos serão agora entregues à União Astronómica Internacional (UAI), a quem cabe uma decisão final. Mas para os cientistas norte-americanos, que já propuseram um nome (ainda secreto) para o novo planeta e vão aconselhando as editoras a "reescreverem os manuais", este passo parece não ser mais do que um pro forma. Um optimismo que não tem correspondência deste lado do Atlântico."Há que confirmar primeiro o tamanho", disse ao DN Máximo Ferreira, director do Centro Ciência Viva de Constância. "Não há nenhuma convenção que estabeleça que acima do tamanho de Plutão é planeta e abaixo não é", ressalvou. "Mas se se confirmarem as estimativas, é provável que a UAI lhes dê razão." Uma decisão que deverá levar, "no mínimo, dois anos" a ser tomada.No entanto, é também possível, segundo o astrónomo, que este novo achado venha a relançar o debate sobre o que é ou não um planeta. Plutão, que agora serve de base para a argumentação dos astrónomos norte-americanos, foi reconhecido em 1930 pela UAI, sendo a única contribuição dos Estados Unidos para o mapa planetário do sistema solar. No entanto, há muitos cientistas que ainda hoje questionam essa decisão. Em causa está a massa necessária para um corpo deixar de ser "um calhau achatado e adquirir a forma arredondada de um planeta". Até hoje, não foram identificados outros asteróides que se aproximassem, sequer remotamente, da dimensão de Plutão. Mas Máximo Ferreira recorda que há "mais de cem mil" destes corpos na orla do sistema solar, pelo que é provável que isso aconteça a curto prazo. A questão é se todos os achados serão categorizados como planetas.Assim, a nova descoberta norte-americana até pode ter consequências completamente inesperadas na forma como analisamos o sistema solar "Ou vamos perder um [planeta, Plutão], ou vamos ganhar mais alguns. Para mim, era mais agradável juntar mais planetas aos nove que já conhecemos", confessou Máximo Ferreira.Independentemente das conclusões, o astrónomo português não duvida que o momento escolhido para esta revelação não foi acidental "Há uma certa competição entre a NASA e a Agência Espacial Europeia - e entre os americanos, sobretudo com esta administração, tem havido uma certa pressão para publicar relatórios sobre descobertas."Neste caso concreto, a relevância não está em causa, mas a divulgação pode ter sido precipitada pelos últimos azares da NASA "Não tenho dúvidas de que estas últimas notícias que têm surgido têm a ver com uma certa tentativa de camuflar algumas ingenuidades cometidas nas últimas expedições espaciais americanas", considerou o astrónomo.Quanto ao nome do novo planeta, Máximo Ferreira não duvida de que a escolha "deve sair da lista de divindades da antiguidade" que serviu de base à generalidade do sistema solar. Plutão, devido à distância do Sol (6000 milhões de quilómetros), foi baptizado com o nome do antigo deus romano do submundo. O seu satélite, Caronte, tem o nome do barqueiro que levava as almas para o inferno.
3 de março de 2005
Archaeologists find 2,600-year-old mummy
CAIRO, Egypt (Reuters) -- Australian archaeologists have discovered one of the best preserved ancient Egyptian mummies dating from about 2,600 years ago, Zahi Hawass, the head of Egypt's Supreme Council for Antiquities has said.
23 de fevereiro de 2005
Age of ancient humans reassessed
Two skulls originally found in 1967 have been shown to be about 195,000 years old, making them the oldest modern human remains known to science.
The age estimate comes from a re-dating of Ethiopian rock layers close to those that yielded the remarkable fossils.
The skulls, known as Omo I and II, push back the known presence of Homo sapiens in Africa by 40,000 years.
The latest dating work is reported in the science journal Nature.
It puts the specimens close to the time expected for the evolutionary emergence of our species. Genetic studies have indicated Homo sapiens arose in East Africa - possibly Ethiopia or Tanzania - just over 200,000 years ago.
"These are the earliest known examples of our own species and that suggests they lived earlier still," commented Nature senior editor Dr Henry Gee.
"But I am not sure how much further back you could go and still have Homo sapiens - before they graded into some other, earlier species," he told the BBC News website.
Dig return
The skulls were first brought to the attention of the world by the famous fossil hunter Richard Leakey, whose team unearthed the specimens in sediments along the Omo River in southernmost Ethiopia, near the town of Kibish.
They found the skull (minus the face) and partial skeleton (parts of arms, legs, feet and the pelvis) of Omo I, and the top and back of the skull of Omo II.
Now, a three-man Australian-US team - Ian McDougall, Frank Brown and John Fleagle - has re-evaluated the Leakey finds.
The team even returned to the original excavation area, using old scientific reports, photographs and film to identify the precise dig co-ordinates.
"Omo I actually has the better information on it," explained co-author Professor Brown, from the University of Utah's College of Mines and Earth Sciences.
"[The records and maps] are correct and we actually went back and found a few more pieces of the skeleton and some of them glue on to the pieces that were found in 1967."
Climate clincher
The original dating in 1967 found the fossils to be 130,000 years old.
This was based on the decay rate of radioactive uranium atoms contained in oyster shells found near the skulls - "but that date should always have been taken with a pinch of salt", Professor Brown told BBC News.
"Molluscs are not really very good for that kind of thing."
The new results, though, are regarded as far more robust. They depend on the known decay rate of radioactive atoms of potassium-40 into the gas argon-40 in feldspar mineral crystals.
These crystals were retrieved from chunks of pumice in volcanic ash layers above and below the skulls.
They suggested the specimens must be between 104,000 and 196,000 years old - but with some additional climate evidence on ancient flooding in the region, the team was able to show the Omo finds were actually very close to the 196,000-year mark.
Dr Chris Stringer, from London's Natural History Museum, worked on the skulls more than 20 years ago. He told BBC News: "I was of the opinion that Omo I was a modern human - Omo II seemed much more primitive. So, from my point of view I thought Omo II might be older than Omo I.
"But it seems that they are about the same age and that shows that the populations in Africa at that time were very variable. They show different mixtures of primitive and modern characteristics."
The previous oldest Homo sapiens skulls were uncovered in sediments near a village called Herto in the Afar region in the east of Ethiopia. These were dated to between 154,000 and 160,000 years old.
To be human
Although researchers are pushing at the evolutionary base of our species, they still have much to discover in terms of these early people's behaviour.
Professor Brown explains: "...the cultural aspects of humanity in most cases appear much later in the record - only 50,000 years ago - which would mean 150,000 years of Homo sapiens without cultural stuff, such as evidence of eating fish, of harpoons, anything to do with music (flutes and that sort of thing), needles, even tools.
"This stuff all comes in very late, except for stone knife blades, which appeared between 50,000 and 200,000 years ago, depending on whom you believe."
Professor John Fleagle, of New York state's Stony Brook University, adds: "There is a huge debate in the archaeological literature regarding the first appearance of modern aspects of behaviour such as bone carving for religious reasons, or tools, ornamentation (bead jewellery and such), drawn images, and arrowheads.
"They only appear as a coherent package about 50,000 years ago, and the first modern humans that left Africa between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago seem to have had the full set.
"As modern human anatomy is documented at earlier and earlier sites, it becomes evident that there was a great time gap between the appearance of the modern skeleton and 'modern behaviour'."
The age estimate comes from a re-dating of Ethiopian rock layers close to those that yielded the remarkable fossils.
The skulls, known as Omo I and II, push back the known presence of Homo sapiens in Africa by 40,000 years.
The latest dating work is reported in the science journal Nature.
It puts the specimens close to the time expected for the evolutionary emergence of our species. Genetic studies have indicated Homo sapiens arose in East Africa - possibly Ethiopia or Tanzania - just over 200,000 years ago.
"These are the earliest known examples of our own species and that suggests they lived earlier still," commented Nature senior editor Dr Henry Gee.
"But I am not sure how much further back you could go and still have Homo sapiens - before they graded into some other, earlier species," he told the BBC News website.
Dig return
The skulls were first brought to the attention of the world by the famous fossil hunter Richard Leakey, whose team unearthed the specimens in sediments along the Omo River in southernmost Ethiopia, near the town of Kibish.
They found the skull (minus the face) and partial skeleton (parts of arms, legs, feet and the pelvis) of Omo I, and the top and back of the skull of Omo II.
Now, a three-man Australian-US team - Ian McDougall, Frank Brown and John Fleagle - has re-evaluated the Leakey finds.
The team even returned to the original excavation area, using old scientific reports, photographs and film to identify the precise dig co-ordinates.
"Omo I actually has the better information on it," explained co-author Professor Brown, from the University of Utah's College of Mines and Earth Sciences.
"[The records and maps] are correct and we actually went back and found a few more pieces of the skeleton and some of them glue on to the pieces that were found in 1967."
Climate clincher
The original dating in 1967 found the fossils to be 130,000 years old.
This was based on the decay rate of radioactive uranium atoms contained in oyster shells found near the skulls - "but that date should always have been taken with a pinch of salt", Professor Brown told BBC News.
"Molluscs are not really very good for that kind of thing."
The new results, though, are regarded as far more robust. They depend on the known decay rate of radioactive atoms of potassium-40 into the gas argon-40 in feldspar mineral crystals.
These crystals were retrieved from chunks of pumice in volcanic ash layers above and below the skulls.
They suggested the specimens must be between 104,000 and 196,000 years old - but with some additional climate evidence on ancient flooding in the region, the team was able to show the Omo finds were actually very close to the 196,000-year mark.
Dr Chris Stringer, from London's Natural History Museum, worked on the skulls more than 20 years ago. He told BBC News: "I was of the opinion that Omo I was a modern human - Omo II seemed much more primitive. So, from my point of view I thought Omo II might be older than Omo I.
"But it seems that they are about the same age and that shows that the populations in Africa at that time were very variable. They show different mixtures of primitive and modern characteristics."
The previous oldest Homo sapiens skulls were uncovered in sediments near a village called Herto in the Afar region in the east of Ethiopia. These were dated to between 154,000 and 160,000 years old.
To be human
Although researchers are pushing at the evolutionary base of our species, they still have much to discover in terms of these early people's behaviour.
Professor Brown explains: "...the cultural aspects of humanity in most cases appear much later in the record - only 50,000 years ago - which would mean 150,000 years of Homo sapiens without cultural stuff, such as evidence of eating fish, of harpoons, anything to do with music (flutes and that sort of thing), needles, even tools.
"This stuff all comes in very late, except for stone knife blades, which appeared between 50,000 and 200,000 years ago, depending on whom you believe."
Professor John Fleagle, of New York state's Stony Brook University, adds: "There is a huge debate in the archaeological literature regarding the first appearance of modern aspects of behaviour such as bone carving for religious reasons, or tools, ornamentation (bead jewellery and such), drawn images, and arrowheads.
"They only appear as a coherent package about 50,000 years ago, and the first modern humans that left Africa between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago seem to have had the full set.
"As modern human anatomy is documented at earlier and earlier sites, it becomes evident that there was a great time gap between the appearance of the modern skeleton and 'modern behaviour'."
Astronomers find star-less galaxy
Astronomers say they have discovered an object that appears to be an invisible galaxy made almost entirely of dark matter.
The team, led by Cardiff University, claimed it is the first to be detected.
A dark galaxy is an area in the Universe containing a large amount of mass that rotates like a galaxy, but contains no stars.
It was found 50 million light years away using radio telescopes in Cheshire and Puerto Rico.
The unknown material that is thought to hold these dark galaxies together is known as 'dark matter', but scientists still know very little about what that is.
The five-year research has involved studying the distribution of hydrogen atoms throughout the Universe, estimated by looking at the rotation of galaxies and the speed at which their components moved.
Hydrogen gas releases radiation that can be detected at radio wavelengths.
In the Virgo cluster of galaxies, they found a mass of hydrogen atoms a hundred million times the mass of the Sun.
The mysterious galaxy has been called VIRGOHI21.
Similar objects that have previously been discovered have since turned out to contain stars or be remnants of two galaxies colliding.
However, the scientists from the UK, France, Italy and Australia found no visible trace of any stars, and no galaxies nearby that would suggest a collision.
Dr Robert Minchin, of Cardiff University, said: "From its speed, we realised that VIRGOHI21 was a thousand times more massive than could be accounted for by the observed hydrogen atoms alone.
"If it were an ordinary galaxy, then it should be quite bright and would be visible with a good amateur telescope."
The astronomers say it is hard to study the universe's dark, hidden objects because of the Earth's proximity to the Sun.
They liken it to looking out at the darkest night from a well-lit room - it is easy to make out street lights but not trees, hedges and mountains.
Astronomers say it marks an important breakthrough because, according to cosmological models, dark matter is five times more abundant than the ordinary (baryonic) matter that makes up everything we can see and touch.
Another of the Cardiff team, Dr Jon Davies, added: "The Universe has all sorts of secrets still to reveal to us, but this shows that we are beginning to understand how to look at it in the right way. It's a really exciting discovery."
The team, led by Cardiff University, claimed it is the first to be detected.
A dark galaxy is an area in the Universe containing a large amount of mass that rotates like a galaxy, but contains no stars.
It was found 50 million light years away using radio telescopes in Cheshire and Puerto Rico.
The unknown material that is thought to hold these dark galaxies together is known as 'dark matter', but scientists still know very little about what that is.
The five-year research has involved studying the distribution of hydrogen atoms throughout the Universe, estimated by looking at the rotation of galaxies and the speed at which their components moved.
Hydrogen gas releases radiation that can be detected at radio wavelengths.
In the Virgo cluster of galaxies, they found a mass of hydrogen atoms a hundred million times the mass of the Sun.
The mysterious galaxy has been called VIRGOHI21.
Similar objects that have previously been discovered have since turned out to contain stars or be remnants of two galaxies colliding.
However, the scientists from the UK, France, Italy and Australia found no visible trace of any stars, and no galaxies nearby that would suggest a collision.
Dr Robert Minchin, of Cardiff University, said: "From its speed, we realised that VIRGOHI21 was a thousand times more massive than could be accounted for by the observed hydrogen atoms alone.
"If it were an ordinary galaxy, then it should be quite bright and would be visible with a good amateur telescope."
The astronomers say it is hard to study the universe's dark, hidden objects because of the Earth's proximity to the Sun.
They liken it to looking out at the darkest night from a well-lit room - it is easy to make out street lights but not trees, hedges and mountains.
Astronomers say it marks an important breakthrough because, according to cosmological models, dark matter is five times more abundant than the ordinary (baryonic) matter that makes up everything we can see and touch.
Another of the Cardiff team, Dr Jon Davies, added: "The Universe has all sorts of secrets still to reveal to us, but this shows that we are beginning to understand how to look at it in the right way. It's a really exciting discovery."
Microbes survive deep permafrost / By Becky McCall
Microbes in the Alaskan permafrost have been found living in temperatures as low as minus 40 degrees Celsius.
The discovery raises concerns that the activity of these bacteria, once thought inactive at such extreme temperatures, could be making a considerable contribution to greenhouse gas production.
Scientists found that bacteria taken from the Alaskan tundra soil release gases during energy production whilst apparently in a frozen state.
This runs contrary to textbook biology, which dictates the need for freely available water to allow these single-celled life forms to function.
Dr Nicolai Panikov, from the Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, US, and colleague, Dr Vladimir Romanovsky, from the University of Alaska, tested the mixture of bacteria and registered the production of gases; by-products of metabolism.
"Typically, bacteria in the permafrost are in a dormant state but we have found that they reproduce very slowly and respire producing gases including CO2 and methane when frozen," Dr Panikov said.
Frozen cells
Water is considered essential for life, whether at the single-cell level, such as in bacteria, or in larger animals. It helps the exchange of essential gases between the bacteria and the outside.
So the discovery of bacteria, thought to be frozen solid at such extreme temperatures, raises many interesting questions about the survival mechanisms used in these harsh conditions.
"We have found that it is not pure ice but the mixture of ice and mineral particles that allows for the exchange of gases," Dr Panikov told BBC News website.
"One explanation is that the bacteria oxidise substances in the permafrost to generate heat inside themselves or that these microbes create anti-freeze compounds that keep water liquefied inside their cells."
Permafrost covers about one fifth of the world's land surface and is frozen over most of Alaska, Northern Canada and Siberia, from depths of a few centimetres to 300m (1,000ft). Long considered a major carbon sink, recent evidence suggests that the permafrost is thawing as global temperatures rise.
Even a small increase in temperature will have a significant increase on the rate of metabolic activity in these bacteria affecting the biochemistry of the soil.
If the activity of these bacteria was incorporated into models of climate change prediction, the permafrost may take on the role of a source of greenhouse gases rather than a sink.
"Our results predict the rate of actual degradation- it shows that it's not necessary for the temperature to rise to freezing point for the stimulation of the degradation process," said Dr Panikov.
Knut Stamnes, Professor of atmospheric physics at Stevens, believes that as the permafrost thaws the greatest threat comes from methane.
"Methane is more important than CO2 in producing greenhouse gases because the atmosphere is relatively saturated with CO2 but not with methane yet. This is a new area for exploration." said Professor Stamnes.
Life forms on other planets
In fact, methane gas was recently found by the European Space Agency (Esa) Mars Express mission in the lower atmosphere of the Red Planet and has been associated with ground ice, fuelling speculation about a biological source of the methane.
Professor Dawn Sumner, associate professor of geology at the University of California-Davis, advises the US space agency (Nasa) Mars Exploration and Analysis Group.
She believes that the 2007 Phoenix Lander mission to Mars will have increased access to potentially habitable zones and that if life does exist, it is likely to be found in ice first.
"Panikov's results could extend our concept of possible habitable zones to colder temperatures than previously envisioned," said Professor Sumner.
"If low temperature life does exist on another planet, we are likely to find it in ice first because we have identified many very cold, icy environments, but very few environments with liquid water, especially ones that are accessible to robotic missions."
More details on the bacteria research are due to be published in the Soil Biology & Biochemistry journal.
The discovery raises concerns that the activity of these bacteria, once thought inactive at such extreme temperatures, could be making a considerable contribution to greenhouse gas production.
Scientists found that bacteria taken from the Alaskan tundra soil release gases during energy production whilst apparently in a frozen state.
This runs contrary to textbook biology, which dictates the need for freely available water to allow these single-celled life forms to function.
Dr Nicolai Panikov, from the Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, US, and colleague, Dr Vladimir Romanovsky, from the University of Alaska, tested the mixture of bacteria and registered the production of gases; by-products of metabolism.
"Typically, bacteria in the permafrost are in a dormant state but we have found that they reproduce very slowly and respire producing gases including CO2 and methane when frozen," Dr Panikov said.
Frozen cells
Water is considered essential for life, whether at the single-cell level, such as in bacteria, or in larger animals. It helps the exchange of essential gases between the bacteria and the outside.
So the discovery of bacteria, thought to be frozen solid at such extreme temperatures, raises many interesting questions about the survival mechanisms used in these harsh conditions.
"We have found that it is not pure ice but the mixture of ice and mineral particles that allows for the exchange of gases," Dr Panikov told BBC News website.
"One explanation is that the bacteria oxidise substances in the permafrost to generate heat inside themselves or that these microbes create anti-freeze compounds that keep water liquefied inside their cells."
Permafrost covers about one fifth of the world's land surface and is frozen over most of Alaska, Northern Canada and Siberia, from depths of a few centimetres to 300m (1,000ft). Long considered a major carbon sink, recent evidence suggests that the permafrost is thawing as global temperatures rise.
Even a small increase in temperature will have a significant increase on the rate of metabolic activity in these bacteria affecting the biochemistry of the soil.
If the activity of these bacteria was incorporated into models of climate change prediction, the permafrost may take on the role of a source of greenhouse gases rather than a sink.
"Our results predict the rate of actual degradation- it shows that it's not necessary for the temperature to rise to freezing point for the stimulation of the degradation process," said Dr Panikov.
Knut Stamnes, Professor of atmospheric physics at Stevens, believes that as the permafrost thaws the greatest threat comes from methane.
"Methane is more important than CO2 in producing greenhouse gases because the atmosphere is relatively saturated with CO2 but not with methane yet. This is a new area for exploration." said Professor Stamnes.
Life forms on other planets
In fact, methane gas was recently found by the European Space Agency (Esa) Mars Express mission in the lower atmosphere of the Red Planet and has been associated with ground ice, fuelling speculation about a biological source of the methane.
Professor Dawn Sumner, associate professor of geology at the University of California-Davis, advises the US space agency (Nasa) Mars Exploration and Analysis Group.
She believes that the 2007 Phoenix Lander mission to Mars will have increased access to potentially habitable zones and that if life does exist, it is likely to be found in ice first.
"Panikov's results could extend our concept of possible habitable zones to colder temperatures than previously envisioned," said Professor Sumner.
"If low temperature life does exist on another planet, we are likely to find it in ice first because we have identified many very cold, icy environments, but very few environments with liquid water, especially ones that are accessible to robotic missions."
More details on the bacteria research are due to be published in the Soil Biology & Biochemistry journal.
14 de outubro de 2004
Fossil hunters find sleeping dinosaur in China
LONDON, England (Reuters) -- Scientists have unearthed the remains of a perfectly preserved 130 million-year-old new species of dinosaur which provide a first-ever look at how the prehistoric creatures slept.
The small two-legged dinosaur was discovered in China, curled up with its head tucked under the forearm similar to how modern birds sleep.
"This is the first report of sleeping behavior in dinosaurs," Xing Xu, of the Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing, told Reuters on Wednesday.
"We've never had any other information about a dinosaur sleeping."
Dubbed Mei long, which means "soundly sleeping dragon" in Chinese, the dinosaur was about 53 cm (21 inches) long or about the size of a large bird. Several features indicate its avian origins.
"It is one of the most complete skeletons I have ever seen. It is a perfect preservation. We have almost every bone in the skeleton," Xu explained.
"There is no disturbance. The body is arranged in a life-like posture."
The sleeping skeleton was found near Beipiao City in Liaoning province, an area rich in fossils that have revealed secrets of dinosaur behavior.
The sleeping posture indicates the characteristic probably originated in dinosaur ancestors of modern birds, according to the scientists.
Judging from its remarkably preserved state and position of the skeleton Mei long died a peaceful, and probably sudden, death.
Unlike other dinosaurs found with their neck extended back in a classic death pose, Mei long seemed to be sleeping contentedly when it died.
Xu and his colleague Mark Norell, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, are not sure what killed the dinosaur but they said there are several possibilities.
It could have been starved of oxygen, buried under thick layers of volcanic ash or could have been sleeping in a cave or burrow when the roof collapsed.
"What you can see from the skeleton is that it died peacefully, quickly," according to Xu who reported his research in the science journal Nature.
The small two-legged dinosaur was discovered in China, curled up with its head tucked under the forearm similar to how modern birds sleep.
"This is the first report of sleeping behavior in dinosaurs," Xing Xu, of the Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing, told Reuters on Wednesday.
"We've never had any other information about a dinosaur sleeping."
Dubbed Mei long, which means "soundly sleeping dragon" in Chinese, the dinosaur was about 53 cm (21 inches) long or about the size of a large bird. Several features indicate its avian origins.
"It is one of the most complete skeletons I have ever seen. It is a perfect preservation. We have almost every bone in the skeleton," Xu explained.
"There is no disturbance. The body is arranged in a life-like posture."
The sleeping skeleton was found near Beipiao City in Liaoning province, an area rich in fossils that have revealed secrets of dinosaur behavior.
The sleeping posture indicates the characteristic probably originated in dinosaur ancestors of modern birds, according to the scientists.
Judging from its remarkably preserved state and position of the skeleton Mei long died a peaceful, and probably sudden, death.
Unlike other dinosaurs found with their neck extended back in a classic death pose, Mei long seemed to be sleeping contentedly when it died.
Xu and his colleague Mark Norell, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, are not sure what killed the dinosaur but they said there are several possibilities.
It could have been starved of oxygen, buried under thick layers of volcanic ash or could have been sleeping in a cave or burrow when the roof collapsed.
"What you can see from the skeleton is that it died peacefully, quickly," according to Xu who reported his research in the science journal Nature.
6 de julho de 2004
Choveu em Marte há três mil milhões de anos
A intensa actividade de erosão em Marte estará provavelmente ligada a precipitações ocorridas há cerca de três mil milhões de anos, que esclarecem a origem dos vales marcianos, objecto de debates intensos há 30 anos, revelaram investigadores franceses.
Publicados na revista norte-americana «Science» de quinta-feira, os trabalhos realizados pelo Centro Nacional de Investigação Científica (CNRS), pela universidade Paris-Sul/Orsay e pela Universidade Claude Bernard de Lyon, mostram pela primeira vez a presença de redes de vales fluviais muito ramificados.
O resultado foi conseguido graças a imagens infra-vermelhas da missão norte-americana Mars Odyssey, em órbita marciana desde 2001.
Os investigadores testemunharam «um período onde a água em estado líquido esteve presente na superfície do planeta de forma estável, durante um período quente mais longo do que o que é habitualmente proposto», sublinhou o CNRS em comunicado.
Publicados na revista norte-americana «Science» de quinta-feira, os trabalhos realizados pelo Centro Nacional de Investigação Científica (CNRS), pela universidade Paris-Sul/Orsay e pela Universidade Claude Bernard de Lyon, mostram pela primeira vez a presença de redes de vales fluviais muito ramificados.
O resultado foi conseguido graças a imagens infra-vermelhas da missão norte-americana Mars Odyssey, em órbita marciana desde 2001.
Os investigadores testemunharam «um período onde a água em estado líquido esteve presente na superfície do planeta de forma estável, durante um período quente mais longo do que o que é habitualmente proposto», sublinhou o CNRS em comunicado.
9 de junho de 2004
Futuro Selvagem
Série espectacular do Discovery sobre as possíveis formas de vida na Terra daqui a 5, 100 e 200 milhões de anos, transmitida na RTP2.
Trata-se de uma série de ficção mas cujas especulações são cientificamente válidas.
A não perder!
Trata-se de uma série de ficção mas cujas especulações são cientificamente válidas.
A não perder!
7 de junho de 2004
Atlântida
Um cientista alemão acredita ter encontrado as ruínas de Atlântida ao largo da costa espanhola. Rainer Kuehne cruzou imagens obtidas por satélite do sul de Espanha com a descrição que o filósofo Platão fez da cidade em 360 a.C. e chegou à conclusão que condizem.
Segundo este cientista, a descrição de Atlântida como sendo uma «ilha» refere-se a partes de Espanha que ficaram submersas em inundações entre 800 e 500 a.C.
Imagens recolhidas ao largo de Cádiz mostram duas estruturas rectangulares submersas e anéis concêntricos que poderão em tempos ter rodeado estes rectângulos.
Em declarações esta segunda-feira à BBC, Kuehne explicou que Platão descreveu uma «ilha» com 925 metros de diâmetro rodeada por várias estruturas circulares – anéis concêntricos – alguns constituídos por terra e outros por água.
«Descobrimos através destas fotos anéis concêntricos tal como Platão havia descrito», explicou o cientista à cadeia britânica.
O único senão é que a suposta «ilha» que foi encontrada junto à costa espanhola é ligeiramente maior do que a descrição de Platão, o que, na sua opinião, pode ter duas explicações: ou o filósofo calculou mal a dimensão de Atlântida, ou as unidades de medida usadas antigamente poderiam ser 20% maiores do que as utilizadas nos dias de hoje.
Segundo este cientista, a descrição de Atlântida como sendo uma «ilha» refere-se a partes de Espanha que ficaram submersas em inundações entre 800 e 500 a.C.
Imagens recolhidas ao largo de Cádiz mostram duas estruturas rectangulares submersas e anéis concêntricos que poderão em tempos ter rodeado estes rectângulos.
Em declarações esta segunda-feira à BBC, Kuehne explicou que Platão descreveu uma «ilha» com 925 metros de diâmetro rodeada por várias estruturas circulares – anéis concêntricos – alguns constituídos por terra e outros por água.
«Descobrimos através destas fotos anéis concêntricos tal como Platão havia descrito», explicou o cientista à cadeia britânica.
O único senão é que a suposta «ilha» que foi encontrada junto à costa espanhola é ligeiramente maior do que a descrição de Platão, o que, na sua opinião, pode ter duas explicações: ou o filósofo calculou mal a dimensão de Atlântida, ou as unidades de medida usadas antigamente poderiam ser 20% maiores do que as utilizadas nos dias de hoje.
25 de março de 2004
França
Se a esquerda ganhou as eleições em França com 40% dos votos, isto quer dizer que a direita perdeu com 60% ?
Mutação
LONDON, England (Reuters) -- A genetic mutation that occurred 2.4 million years ago could be the reason why modern humans have such big brains and weak jaws, scientists said on Wednesday.
They discovered that a fault in a gene called MYH16 in modern humans happened at about the same time that their skulls started to change in shape from other primates, allowing their brains to increase in size.
But the trade-off was a smaller, less powerful jaw.
"The coincidence in time...may mean that the decrease in jaw muscle size and force eliminated stress on the skull which released an evolutionary constraint on brain growth," said Nancy Minugh-Purvis, a member of the team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, that made the discovery.
All humans have the MYH16 mutation but other primates, including chimpanzees and macaques, still have the intact gene. Over the past few million years, since the genetic fault occurred, human skulls have grown three times in size and the outwardly elongated jaws have receded.
Pete Currie, of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute in Sydney, believes the research published in the science journal Nature could be the first functional genetic difference between humans and apes.
"Remarkably, the timing of the appearance of this genetic alteration, or mutation, roughly coincides with the appearance of "human-like" characteristics in the hominid fossil record," Currie said in a commentary in the journal.
Minugh-Purvis along with Hansell Stedman and other experts at the university pieced together the complicated puzzle after discovering that the gene was intact in primates but mutated in all humans.
A genetic fault is often linked with some type of inherited disease but the scientists were puzzled about what type of disease was common in all humans throughout the world.
Further research revealed that MYH16 was associated with muscles involved in chewing and biting and it encoded a protein in primate jaw muscles. This led the researchers to suspect the so-called disease in humans was a weaker bite.
Stedman and his colleague said the weaker bite would have lessened the force on the skull so it could grow larger and provide more space for a bigger brain.
"We can only hope that this study represents the vanguard of a new wave of analyses that focus on the genetic basis of human evolution," Currie added.
They discovered that a fault in a gene called MYH16 in modern humans happened at about the same time that their skulls started to change in shape from other primates, allowing their brains to increase in size.
But the trade-off was a smaller, less powerful jaw.
"The coincidence in time...may mean that the decrease in jaw muscle size and force eliminated stress on the skull which released an evolutionary constraint on brain growth," said Nancy Minugh-Purvis, a member of the team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, that made the discovery.
All humans have the MYH16 mutation but other primates, including chimpanzees and macaques, still have the intact gene. Over the past few million years, since the genetic fault occurred, human skulls have grown three times in size and the outwardly elongated jaws have receded.
Pete Currie, of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute in Sydney, believes the research published in the science journal Nature could be the first functional genetic difference between humans and apes.
"Remarkably, the timing of the appearance of this genetic alteration, or mutation, roughly coincides with the appearance of "human-like" characteristics in the hominid fossil record," Currie said in a commentary in the journal.
Minugh-Purvis along with Hansell Stedman and other experts at the university pieced together the complicated puzzle after discovering that the gene was intact in primates but mutated in all humans.
A genetic fault is often linked with some type of inherited disease but the scientists were puzzled about what type of disease was common in all humans throughout the world.
Further research revealed that MYH16 was associated with muscles involved in chewing and biting and it encoded a protein in primate jaw muscles. This led the researchers to suspect the so-called disease in humans was a weaker bite.
Stedman and his colleague said the weaker bite would have lessened the force on the skull so it could grow larger and provide more space for a bigger brain.
"We can only hope that this study represents the vanguard of a new wave of analyses that focus on the genetic basis of human evolution," Currie added.
24 de março de 2004
Comissões de Inquérito
Ontem estive a ver em directo o depoimento do Donald Rumsfeld na comissão do senado para avaliar se ouve falhas no 11 de Setembro.
Para além do conteúdo que foi bastante interessante valeu a pena ver como é feito na fascista América comparando com a democrática Europa.
Não sei em quantos países do mundo seria possível este tipo de inquérito, tirando a Inglaterra assim de repente não estou a ver mais nenhum.
As pessoas comportaram-se com bastante sobriedade, mas as perguntas e as respectivas respostas não eram nada meigas! Em vez de se considerarem ofendidos todos achavam que assim é que devia ser. Olhos nos olhos e muito civilizadamente “porquê que não actuaram mais cedo…o que é que podiam ter feito e não fizeram…de quem é a responsabilidade”. Ninguém ficou ofendido nem me parece que venham dizer que têm que defender a sua honra.
Tão diferente daquilo que estou habituado…
Para além do conteúdo que foi bastante interessante valeu a pena ver como é feito na fascista América comparando com a democrática Europa.
Não sei em quantos países do mundo seria possível este tipo de inquérito, tirando a Inglaterra assim de repente não estou a ver mais nenhum.
As pessoas comportaram-se com bastante sobriedade, mas as perguntas e as respectivas respostas não eram nada meigas! Em vez de se considerarem ofendidos todos achavam que assim é que devia ser. Olhos nos olhos e muito civilizadamente “porquê que não actuaram mais cedo…o que é que podiam ter feito e não fizeram…de quem é a responsabilidade”. Ninguém ficou ofendido nem me parece que venham dizer que têm que defender a sua honra.
Tão diferente daquilo que estou habituado…
21 de março de 2004
Eu entendo
O Rei-Sol de Portugal diz que devemos "negociar" e "entender" os terroristas. Eles sabem do que ele fala:
ABAD QUIJADA EVA BELEN
ABRIL ALEGRE OSCAR
ACERO USHIÑA LILIANA GUILLERMINA
AGUADO ROJANO FLORENCIO
ALONSO RODRIGUEZ JUAN ALBERTO
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ MARIA JOSEFA
ANDRIANOV ANDRIYAN ASENOV
APARICIO SOMOLINOS MARIA NURIA
ARENAS BARROSO ALBERTO
ASTOCONDOR MASGO NEIL HEBE
AVILA JIMENEZ ANA ISABEL
BADAJOZ CANO MIGUEL ANGEL
BALLESTEROS IBARRA SUSANA
BARAHONA IMEDIO FRANCISCO JAVIER
BARAJAS DIAZ GONZALO
BEDOYA GLORIA INES
BEN SALAH IMDDAOUAN SANAE
BENITO SAMANIEGO RODOLFO
BOGDAN LIVIA
BRASERO MURGA FLORENCIO
BRYK ALINA MARIA
BUDAI STEFAN
CABREJAS BURILLO MARIA PILAR
CABRERO PEREZ RODRIGO
CALVO GARCIA MILAGROS
CANO CAMPOS SONIA
CANO MARTINEZ ALICIA
CARRILLERO BAEZA JOSE MARIA
CARRION FRANCO ALVARO
CASAS TORRESANO FRANCISCO JAVIER
CASTILLO MUÑOZ CIPRIANO
CASTILLO SEVILLANO INMACULADA
CENTENERA MONTALVO SARA
CISNEROS VILLACIS OSWALDO MANUEL
CIUDAD REAL DIAZ MARIA EUGENIA
CONTRERAS SANCHEZ MARIA SOLEDAD
CRIADO PLEITER MARÍA PAZ
DE BENITO CABOBLANCO ESTEBAN MARTIN
DE LAS HERAS CORREA SERGIO
DE LUNA OCAÑA MIGUEL
DE MIGUEL JIMENEZ ALVARO
DEL AMO AGUADO JUAN CARLOS
DEL RIO MENENDEZ MARTA
DEL RIO MENENDEZ NURIA
DIAC NICOLETA
DIEZ HERNANDEZ BEATRIZ
DIMA GEORGETA GABRIELA
DIMITROVA PAUNOVA TINKA
DIMITROVA VASILEVA KALINA
DJOCO SAM
DOS SANTOS SILVA SERGIO
DURAN SANTIAGO MARIA DOLORES
EL AMRATI OSAMA
ENCINAS SORIANO SARA
FERNANDEZ AVILA CARLOS MARINO
FERNANDEZ DEL AMO MARIA
FERRER REYMADO REX
FIGUEROA BRAVO HECTOR MANUEL
FRUTOS ROSIQUE JULIA
FUENTES FERNANDEZ Mª DOLORES
GALLARDO OLMO JOSE
GALLEGO TRIGUERO JOSE RAUL
GAMIZ TORRES MARIA PILAR
GARCIA ALFAGEME ABEL
GARCIA ARNAIZ JUAN LUIS
GARCIA FERNANDEZ BEATRIZ
GARCIA GARCIA-MONIÑO MARIA DE LAS NIEVES
GARCIA GONZALEZ ENRIQUE
GARCIA MARTINEZ CRISTINA AURELIA
GARCIA PRESA CARLOS ALBERTO
GARCIA SANCHEZ JOSE
GARROTE PLAZA JAVIER
GENEVA PETRICA
GIL PEREZ (Y FETO) ANA ISABEL
GOMEZ GUDIÑA OSCAR
GONZALEZ GAGO FELIX
GONZALEZ GARCIA ANGELICA
GONZALEZ GRANDE TERESA
GONZALEZ PEREZ MARÍA DEL CARMEN
GONZALEZ ROQUE ELIAS
GRACIA GARCIA JUAN MIGUEL
GUTIERREZ GARCIA BERTA MARIA
HERMIDA MARTIN PEDRO
IGLESIAS LOPEZ ALEJANDRA
ITAIBEN MOHAMED
IZQUIERDO ASANZA PABLO
JARO NARRILLOS Mª TERESA
KLADKOVOY OLEKSANDR
LAFORGA BAJON LAURA ISABEL
LEON MOYANO MARIA VICTORIA
LOMINCHAR ALONSO MARIA DEL CARMEN
LOPEZ DIAZ MIRIAM
LOPEZ PARDO Mª DEL CARMEN
LOPEZ RAMOS Mª CRISTINA
LOPEZ-MENCHERO MORAGA JOSE MARIA
MACÍAS RODRÍGUEZ MARÍA JESÚS
MANCEBO ZAFORAS FCO JAVIER
MANZANO PEREZ ANGEL
MARIN CHIVA VICENTE
MARÍN MORA ANTONIO
MARTÍN BAEZA BEGOÑA
MARTIN FERNANDEZ ANA
MARTIN PACHECO LUIS ANDRES
MARTIN REJAS MARIA PILAR
MARTINAS ALOIS
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ CARMEN MONICA
MELGUIZO MARTINEZ MIRIAN
MENGIBAR JIMENEZ JAVIER
MICHELL RODRIGUEZ MICHAEL
MODOL STEFAN
MOPOCITA MOPOCITA SEGUNDO VICTOR
MORA DONOSO ENCARNACION
MORA VALERO Mª TERESA
MORAL GARCIA JULIA
MORENO ARAGONES FRANCISCO
MORENO ISARCH JOSE RAMON
MORENO SANTIAGO EUGENIO
MORIS CRESPO JUAN PABLO
MUÑOZ LARA JUAN
NARVAEZ DE LA ROSA FRANCISCO JOSE
NEGRU MARIANA
NOGALES GUERRERO ISMAEL
NOVELLON MARTINEZ INES
ORGAZ ORGAZ MIGUEL ANGEL
PARDILLOS CHECA ANGEL
PASTOR PEREZ JUAN FRANCISCO
PAZ MANJON DANIEL
PEDRAZA PINO JOSEFA
PEDRAZA RIVERO MIRIAN
PELLICARI LOPEZOSA ROBERTO
PEREZ MATEO Mª PILAR
PINEL ALONSO FELIPE
PLASENCIA HERNANDEZ MARTHA SCARLETT
POLO REMARTINEZ MARIA LUISA
POPA IONUT
POPESCU EMILIAN
PRIETO HUMANES MIGUEL ANGEL
QUESADA BUENO FRANCISCO ANTONIO
RAMIREZ BEDOYA JOHN JAIRO
RAMOS LOZANO LAURA
REYES MATEO MIGUEL
RODRIGUEZ CASANOVA JORGE
RODRIGUEZ CASTELL LUIS
RODRIGUEZ DE LA TORRE Mª SOLEDAD
RODRIGUEZ RODRIGUEZ ANGEL LUIS
RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER
ROGADO ESCRIBANO AMBROSIO
ROMERO SANCHEZ CRISTINA
RZACA PATRICIA
RZACA WIESLAW
SABALETE SANCHEZ ANTONIO
SANCHEZ LOPEZ SERGIO
SANCHEZ MAMAJON MARÍA ISABEL
SANCHEZ QUISPE JUAN ANTONIO
SANCHEZ-DEHESA FRANCES BALBINA
SANTAMARIA GARCIA DAVID
SANZ MORALES JUAN CARLOS
SANZ PEREZ EDUARDO
SENENT PALLAROLA GUILLERMO
SERRANO LASTRA MIGUEL ANTONIO
SERRANO LOPEZ RAFAEL
SFEATLU PAULA MIHAELA
SIERRA SERON FEDERICO MIGUEL
SIMON GONZALEZ DOMNINO
SOLER INIESTA MARIA SUSANA
SOTO ARRANZ CARLOS
STAYKOVA MARIA IVANOVA
SUBERVIELLE MARION CINTIA
SUCIU ANLEXANDRU HORACIU
SZPILA DANUTA TERESA
TENESACA BETANCOURT JOSE LUIS
TORIBIO PASCUAL IRIS
TORRES MENDOZA NEIL FERNANDO
TORTOSA GARCIA CARLOS
UTRILLA ESCRIBANO JESUS
VALDERRAMA LOPEZ JOSE MIGEL
VALDES RUIZ SAUL
VEGA MINGO MERCEDES
VILELA FERNANDEZ DAVID
ZAMORA GUTIERREZ JUAN RAMON
ZOKHNYUK YAROSLAV
ZSIGOVSZKI CSABA
ABAD QUIJADA EVA BELEN
ABRIL ALEGRE OSCAR
ACERO USHIÑA LILIANA GUILLERMINA
AGUADO ROJANO FLORENCIO
ALONSO RODRIGUEZ JUAN ALBERTO
ALVAREZ GONZALEZ MARIA JOSEFA
ANDRIANOV ANDRIYAN ASENOV
APARICIO SOMOLINOS MARIA NURIA
ARENAS BARROSO ALBERTO
ASTOCONDOR MASGO NEIL HEBE
AVILA JIMENEZ ANA ISABEL
BADAJOZ CANO MIGUEL ANGEL
BALLESTEROS IBARRA SUSANA
BARAHONA IMEDIO FRANCISCO JAVIER
BARAJAS DIAZ GONZALO
BEDOYA GLORIA INES
BEN SALAH IMDDAOUAN SANAE
BENITO SAMANIEGO RODOLFO
BOGDAN LIVIA
BRASERO MURGA FLORENCIO
BRYK ALINA MARIA
BUDAI STEFAN
CABREJAS BURILLO MARIA PILAR
CABRERO PEREZ RODRIGO
CALVO GARCIA MILAGROS
CANO CAMPOS SONIA
CANO MARTINEZ ALICIA
CARRILLERO BAEZA JOSE MARIA
CARRION FRANCO ALVARO
CASAS TORRESANO FRANCISCO JAVIER
CASTILLO MUÑOZ CIPRIANO
CASTILLO SEVILLANO INMACULADA
CENTENERA MONTALVO SARA
CISNEROS VILLACIS OSWALDO MANUEL
CIUDAD REAL DIAZ MARIA EUGENIA
CONTRERAS SANCHEZ MARIA SOLEDAD
CRIADO PLEITER MARÍA PAZ
DE BENITO CABOBLANCO ESTEBAN MARTIN
DE LAS HERAS CORREA SERGIO
DE LUNA OCAÑA MIGUEL
DE MIGUEL JIMENEZ ALVARO
DEL AMO AGUADO JUAN CARLOS
DEL RIO MENENDEZ MARTA
DEL RIO MENENDEZ NURIA
DIAC NICOLETA
DIEZ HERNANDEZ BEATRIZ
DIMA GEORGETA GABRIELA
DIMITROVA PAUNOVA TINKA
DIMITROVA VASILEVA KALINA
DJOCO SAM
DOS SANTOS SILVA SERGIO
DURAN SANTIAGO MARIA DOLORES
EL AMRATI OSAMA
ENCINAS SORIANO SARA
FERNANDEZ AVILA CARLOS MARINO
FERNANDEZ DEL AMO MARIA
FERRER REYMADO REX
FIGUEROA BRAVO HECTOR MANUEL
FRUTOS ROSIQUE JULIA
FUENTES FERNANDEZ Mª DOLORES
GALLARDO OLMO JOSE
GALLEGO TRIGUERO JOSE RAUL
GAMIZ TORRES MARIA PILAR
GARCIA ALFAGEME ABEL
GARCIA ARNAIZ JUAN LUIS
GARCIA FERNANDEZ BEATRIZ
GARCIA GARCIA-MONIÑO MARIA DE LAS NIEVES
GARCIA GONZALEZ ENRIQUE
GARCIA MARTINEZ CRISTINA AURELIA
GARCIA PRESA CARLOS ALBERTO
GARCIA SANCHEZ JOSE
GARROTE PLAZA JAVIER
GENEVA PETRICA
GIL PEREZ (Y FETO) ANA ISABEL
GOMEZ GUDIÑA OSCAR
GONZALEZ GAGO FELIX
GONZALEZ GARCIA ANGELICA
GONZALEZ GRANDE TERESA
GONZALEZ PEREZ MARÍA DEL CARMEN
GONZALEZ ROQUE ELIAS
GRACIA GARCIA JUAN MIGUEL
GUTIERREZ GARCIA BERTA MARIA
HERMIDA MARTIN PEDRO
IGLESIAS LOPEZ ALEJANDRA
ITAIBEN MOHAMED
IZQUIERDO ASANZA PABLO
JARO NARRILLOS Mª TERESA
KLADKOVOY OLEKSANDR
LAFORGA BAJON LAURA ISABEL
LEON MOYANO MARIA VICTORIA
LOMINCHAR ALONSO MARIA DEL CARMEN
LOPEZ DIAZ MIRIAM
LOPEZ PARDO Mª DEL CARMEN
LOPEZ RAMOS Mª CRISTINA
LOPEZ-MENCHERO MORAGA JOSE MARIA
MACÍAS RODRÍGUEZ MARÍA JESÚS
MANCEBO ZAFORAS FCO JAVIER
MANZANO PEREZ ANGEL
MARIN CHIVA VICENTE
MARÍN MORA ANTONIO
MARTÍN BAEZA BEGOÑA
MARTIN FERNANDEZ ANA
MARTIN PACHECO LUIS ANDRES
MARTIN REJAS MARIA PILAR
MARTINAS ALOIS
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ CARMEN MONICA
MELGUIZO MARTINEZ MIRIAN
MENGIBAR JIMENEZ JAVIER
MICHELL RODRIGUEZ MICHAEL
MODOL STEFAN
MOPOCITA MOPOCITA SEGUNDO VICTOR
MORA DONOSO ENCARNACION
MORA VALERO Mª TERESA
MORAL GARCIA JULIA
MORENO ARAGONES FRANCISCO
MORENO ISARCH JOSE RAMON
MORENO SANTIAGO EUGENIO
MORIS CRESPO JUAN PABLO
MUÑOZ LARA JUAN
NARVAEZ DE LA ROSA FRANCISCO JOSE
NEGRU MARIANA
NOGALES GUERRERO ISMAEL
NOVELLON MARTINEZ INES
ORGAZ ORGAZ MIGUEL ANGEL
PARDILLOS CHECA ANGEL
PASTOR PEREZ JUAN FRANCISCO
PAZ MANJON DANIEL
PEDRAZA PINO JOSEFA
PEDRAZA RIVERO MIRIAN
PELLICARI LOPEZOSA ROBERTO
PEREZ MATEO Mª PILAR
PINEL ALONSO FELIPE
PLASENCIA HERNANDEZ MARTHA SCARLETT
POLO REMARTINEZ MARIA LUISA
POPA IONUT
POPESCU EMILIAN
PRIETO HUMANES MIGUEL ANGEL
QUESADA BUENO FRANCISCO ANTONIO
RAMIREZ BEDOYA JOHN JAIRO
RAMOS LOZANO LAURA
REYES MATEO MIGUEL
RODRIGUEZ CASANOVA JORGE
RODRIGUEZ CASTELL LUIS
RODRIGUEZ DE LA TORRE Mª SOLEDAD
RODRIGUEZ RODRIGUEZ ANGEL LUIS
RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER
ROGADO ESCRIBANO AMBROSIO
ROMERO SANCHEZ CRISTINA
RZACA PATRICIA
RZACA WIESLAW
SABALETE SANCHEZ ANTONIO
SANCHEZ LOPEZ SERGIO
SANCHEZ MAMAJON MARÍA ISABEL
SANCHEZ QUISPE JUAN ANTONIO
SANCHEZ-DEHESA FRANCES BALBINA
SANTAMARIA GARCIA DAVID
SANZ MORALES JUAN CARLOS
SANZ PEREZ EDUARDO
SENENT PALLAROLA GUILLERMO
SERRANO LASTRA MIGUEL ANTONIO
SERRANO LOPEZ RAFAEL
SFEATLU PAULA MIHAELA
SIERRA SERON FEDERICO MIGUEL
SIMON GONZALEZ DOMNINO
SOLER INIESTA MARIA SUSANA
SOTO ARRANZ CARLOS
STAYKOVA MARIA IVANOVA
SUBERVIELLE MARION CINTIA
SUCIU ANLEXANDRU HORACIU
SZPILA DANUTA TERESA
TENESACA BETANCOURT JOSE LUIS
TORIBIO PASCUAL IRIS
TORRES MENDOZA NEIL FERNANDO
TORTOSA GARCIA CARLOS
UTRILLA ESCRIBANO JESUS
VALDERRAMA LOPEZ JOSE MIGEL
VALDES RUIZ SAUL
VEGA MINGO MERCEDES
VILELA FERNANDEZ DAVID
ZAMORA GUTIERREZ JUAN RAMON
ZOKHNYUK YAROSLAV
ZSIGOVSZKI CSABA
15 de março de 2004
Espanha
Os resultados em Espanha têm feito correr muita tinta e bits! Parece que os espanhóis não podem votar nos socialistas sem que quer a esquerda quer a direita fiquem fora de si!
A democracia funciona! Cada pessoa um voto! Toma lá se ganharam os Socialistas…
Vêm depois as eternas perguntas se isto não foi uma vitória dos terroristas, cedências inqualificáveis, etc?
Como tudo o que acontece influencia os votantes é claro que isto teve importância, mas o PP pode queixar-se de si próprio pois não soube gerir bem esta situação, tal como tinha acontecido no caso do “Prestige”. O PSOE apresentou melhores argumentos e ganhou, ponto final. Isto é democracia, os espanhóis escolhem o rumo que querem para o seu país, inclusive se assim o entenderem a capitulação aos objectivos dos terroristas (que eu não acredito).
A democracia funciona! Cada pessoa um voto! Toma lá se ganharam os Socialistas…
Vêm depois as eternas perguntas se isto não foi uma vitória dos terroristas, cedências inqualificáveis, etc?
Como tudo o que acontece influencia os votantes é claro que isto teve importância, mas o PP pode queixar-se de si próprio pois não soube gerir bem esta situação, tal como tinha acontecido no caso do “Prestige”. O PSOE apresentou melhores argumentos e ganhou, ponto final. Isto é democracia, os espanhóis escolhem o rumo que querem para o seu país, inclusive se assim o entenderem a capitulação aos objectivos dos terroristas (que eu não acredito).
14 de março de 2004
Pérola
HOMEM-A-DIAS: A ver se percebo: se os atentados foram obra da ETA, a ETA é responsável pelos atentados; se foram da Al-Qaeda, os responsáveis são Aznar e Bush. É assim? Está percebido. Desculpem a maçada.
13 de março de 2004
BASTA YA
Abad Quijada, Eva Belén
Abril Alegre, Oscar
Aguado Rojano, Florencio
Alonso Rodríguez, Juan Alberto
Alvarez González, María Josefa
Aparicio Somolinos, María Nuria
Arenas Barroso, Alberto
Astocondor Masgo, Neil Hebe
Avila Jiménez, Ana Isabel
Badajoz Cano, Miguel Angel
Ballesteros Ibarra, Susana
Barahona Imedio, Javier
Barajas Diaz, Gonzalo
Bedoya Gloria, Inés
Benito Samaniego, Rodolfo
Bogdan, Livia
Brasero Murga, Florencio
Bryk Alina, María
Cabrejas Burillo, María Pilar
Cabrero Pérez, Rodrigo
Cano Martínez, Alicia
Carrillero Baeza, José María
Carrion Franco, Alvaro
Casas Torresano, Francisco Javier
Castillo Muñoz, Cipriano
Castillo Sevillano, María Inmaculada
Centenera Montalvo, Sara
Cisneros Villacis, Oswaldo Manuel
de Benito Caboblanco, Esteban Martin
de las Heras Correa, Sergio
de Luna Ocaña, Miguel
de Miguel Jiménez, Alvaro
del Amo, María Fernanda
del Amo Aguado, Juan Carlos
del Río Menéndez, Marta
del Río Menéndez, Nuria
Díez Hernández, Beatriz
Djoco, Sam
Duran Santiago, María Dolores
el Amrati, Osama
Encinas Soriano, Sara
Fernandez Avila, Carlos Marino
Ferrer Reymado, Rex
Figueroa Bravo, Héctor Manuel
Gallardo Olmo, José
Gallego Triguero, José Raúl
Gamiz Torres, María Pilar
García Alfageme, Abel
García Arnáiz, Juan Luis
García Fernández, Beatriz
García García-Moniño, María de las Nieves
García González, Enrique
García Sánchez, José
Garrote Plaza, Javier
Gil Pérez ana isabel
Gomez Gudiña, Oscar
González Gago, Félix
González García, Angelica
González Grande, Teresa
González Roque, Elías
Gracia García, Juan Miguel
Gutiérrez García, Berta María
Hermida Martin, Pedro
Iglesias López, Alejandra
Izquierdo Asanza, Pablo
Jaro Narrillos, Ma.Teresa
Laforga Bajón, Laura Isabel
Leon Moyano, María Victoria
Lominchar Alonso, María del Carmen
López Menchero Moraga, José María
López Ramos, Ma. Cristina
Mancebo Zaforas, Fco. Javier
Marin Chiva, Vicente
Marin Mora, Antonio
Martin Pacheco, Luis Andrés
Martin Rejas, María Pilar
Martinez Rodríguez, Carmen Mónica
Melguizo Martínez, Mirian
Mengibar Jiménez, Javier
Michell Rodríguez, Michael
Mopocita Mopocita, Segundo Víctor
Mora Donoso, Encarnación
Mora Valero, Ma. Teresa
Moreno Isarch, José Ramón
Moreno Santiago, Eugenio
Moris Crespo, Juan Pablo
Muñoz Lara, Juan
Narváez de la Rosa, Francisco José
Nogales Guerrero, Ismael
Novellon Martinez, Inés
Orgaz Orgaz, Miguel Angel
Pastor Pérez, Juan Francisco
Pedraza Pino, Josefa
Pedraza Rivero, Mirian
Pinel Alonso, Felipe
Plasencia Hernández, Martha Scarlett
Polo Remartinez, María Luisa
Prieto Humanes, Miguel Angel
Quesada Bueno, Francisco Antonio
Ramirez Bedoya, John Jairo
Ramos Lozano, Laura
Rodríguez Casanova, Jorge
Rodríguez Castell, Luis
Rodríguez Sánchez, Francisco Javier
Rogado Escribano, Ambrosio
Romero Sánchez, Cristina
Sabalete Sánchez, Antonio
Sánchez López, Sergio
Sánchez Quispe, Juan Antonio
Sánchez-Dehesa, Francés Balbina
Santamaría García, David
Sanz Morales, Juan Carlos
Sanz Pérez, Eduardo
Senent Pallarola, Guillermo
Serrano Lastra, Miguel Antonio
Serrano López, Rafael
Sierra Serón, Federico Miguel
Simón González, Donino
Soler Iniesta, Susana
Soto Arránz, Carlos
Subervielle, Marion Cintia
Szpila Danuta, Teresa
Tenesaca Betancourt, José Luis
Toribio Pascual, Iris
Tortosa García, Carlos
Utrilla Escribano, Jesús
Valderrama López, José Miguel
Valdés Ruiz, Saúl
Viilela Fernández, David
Zamora Gutiérrez, Juan Ramón
Abril Alegre, Oscar
Aguado Rojano, Florencio
Alonso Rodríguez, Juan Alberto
Alvarez González, María Josefa
Aparicio Somolinos, María Nuria
Arenas Barroso, Alberto
Astocondor Masgo, Neil Hebe
Avila Jiménez, Ana Isabel
Badajoz Cano, Miguel Angel
Ballesteros Ibarra, Susana
Barahona Imedio, Javier
Barajas Diaz, Gonzalo
Bedoya Gloria, Inés
Benito Samaniego, Rodolfo
Bogdan, Livia
Brasero Murga, Florencio
Bryk Alina, María
Cabrejas Burillo, María Pilar
Cabrero Pérez, Rodrigo
Cano Martínez, Alicia
Carrillero Baeza, José María
Carrion Franco, Alvaro
Casas Torresano, Francisco Javier
Castillo Muñoz, Cipriano
Castillo Sevillano, María Inmaculada
Centenera Montalvo, Sara
Cisneros Villacis, Oswaldo Manuel
de Benito Caboblanco, Esteban Martin
de las Heras Correa, Sergio
de Luna Ocaña, Miguel
de Miguel Jiménez, Alvaro
del Amo, María Fernanda
del Amo Aguado, Juan Carlos
del Río Menéndez, Marta
del Río Menéndez, Nuria
Díez Hernández, Beatriz
Djoco, Sam
Duran Santiago, María Dolores
el Amrati, Osama
Encinas Soriano, Sara
Fernandez Avila, Carlos Marino
Ferrer Reymado, Rex
Figueroa Bravo, Héctor Manuel
Gallardo Olmo, José
Gallego Triguero, José Raúl
Gamiz Torres, María Pilar
García Alfageme, Abel
García Arnáiz, Juan Luis
García Fernández, Beatriz
García García-Moniño, María de las Nieves
García González, Enrique
García Sánchez, José
Garrote Plaza, Javier
Gil Pérez ana isabel
Gomez Gudiña, Oscar
González Gago, Félix
González García, Angelica
González Grande, Teresa
González Roque, Elías
Gracia García, Juan Miguel
Gutiérrez García, Berta María
Hermida Martin, Pedro
Iglesias López, Alejandra
Izquierdo Asanza, Pablo
Jaro Narrillos, Ma.Teresa
Laforga Bajón, Laura Isabel
Leon Moyano, María Victoria
Lominchar Alonso, María del Carmen
López Menchero Moraga, José María
López Ramos, Ma. Cristina
Mancebo Zaforas, Fco. Javier
Marin Chiva, Vicente
Marin Mora, Antonio
Martin Pacheco, Luis Andrés
Martin Rejas, María Pilar
Martinez Rodríguez, Carmen Mónica
Melguizo Martínez, Mirian
Mengibar Jiménez, Javier
Michell Rodríguez, Michael
Mopocita Mopocita, Segundo Víctor
Mora Donoso, Encarnación
Mora Valero, Ma. Teresa
Moreno Isarch, José Ramón
Moreno Santiago, Eugenio
Moris Crespo, Juan Pablo
Muñoz Lara, Juan
Narváez de la Rosa, Francisco José
Nogales Guerrero, Ismael
Novellon Martinez, Inés
Orgaz Orgaz, Miguel Angel
Pastor Pérez, Juan Francisco
Pedraza Pino, Josefa
Pedraza Rivero, Mirian
Pinel Alonso, Felipe
Plasencia Hernández, Martha Scarlett
Polo Remartinez, María Luisa
Prieto Humanes, Miguel Angel
Quesada Bueno, Francisco Antonio
Ramirez Bedoya, John Jairo
Ramos Lozano, Laura
Rodríguez Casanova, Jorge
Rodríguez Castell, Luis
Rodríguez Sánchez, Francisco Javier
Rogado Escribano, Ambrosio
Romero Sánchez, Cristina
Sabalete Sánchez, Antonio
Sánchez López, Sergio
Sánchez Quispe, Juan Antonio
Sánchez-Dehesa, Francés Balbina
Santamaría García, David
Sanz Morales, Juan Carlos
Sanz Pérez, Eduardo
Senent Pallarola, Guillermo
Serrano Lastra, Miguel Antonio
Serrano López, Rafael
Sierra Serón, Federico Miguel
Simón González, Donino
Soler Iniesta, Susana
Soto Arránz, Carlos
Subervielle, Marion Cintia
Szpila Danuta, Teresa
Tenesaca Betancourt, José Luis
Toribio Pascual, Iris
Tortosa García, Carlos
Utrilla Escribano, Jesús
Valderrama López, José Miguel
Valdés Ruiz, Saúl
Viilela Fernández, David
Zamora Gutiérrez, Juan Ramón
11 de março de 2004
O mais recente balanço dos atentados em Madrid esta quinta-feira aponta para 190 mortos e 1247 feridos. Números trágicos, que poderão ainda aumentar, à medida que prosseguem as operações de busca e socorro nas três estações ferroviárias atingidas.
Os ataques aconteceram pouco depois das 7:30 locais, 6:30 em Lisboa, altura em que quatro bombas explodiram quase em simultâneo nas estações ferroviárias de Atocha, Santa Eugenia e El Pozo, na capital espanhola.
O ministro do Interior espanhol já responsabilizou directamente a ETA pelos atentados, pouco depois de o chefe de Estado, Jose Maria Aznar ter declarado três dias de luto nacional pela tragédia.
Também o primeiro-ministro português, Durão Barroso, decretou um dia de luto nacional em solidariedade com Espanha, para sexta-feira.
Os ataques aconteceram pouco depois das 7:30 locais, 6:30 em Lisboa, altura em que quatro bombas explodiram quase em simultâneo nas estações ferroviárias de Atocha, Santa Eugenia e El Pozo, na capital espanhola.
O ministro do Interior espanhol já responsabilizou directamente a ETA pelos atentados, pouco depois de o chefe de Estado, Jose Maria Aznar ter declarado três dias de luto nacional pela tragédia.
Também o primeiro-ministro português, Durão Barroso, decretou um dia de luto nacional em solidariedade com Espanha, para sexta-feira.
Al menos 65 personas han muerto y un centenar han resultado heridas al estallar tres artefactos en las estaciones ferroviarias de Atocha, Santa Eugenia y El Pozo hacia las 7.35 horas. Según fuentes oficiales, 40 personas han fallecido al explotar una bomba en el tren que llegaba de Alcalá de Henares a Atocha, otras 15 en la estación de Santa Eugenia y diez muertos en El Pozo. La confusión es enorme y las autoridades han suspendido parcialmente la circulación del metro y del AVE a Guadajara. Equipos santiarios atienden a los numerosos heridos y ha sido necesario improvisar un hospital de campaña.
9 de março de 2004
Ai Jesus !
O Presidente da Autoridade Palestiniana (AP), Yasser Arafat, decidiu restabelecer a pena de morte como forma de lutar contra a anarquia que se verifica na Faixa de Gaza e na Cisjordânia, onde grupos armados actuam na maior impunidade. A decisão foi comunicada ao Parlamento e às forças de segurança palestinianas, revelou ontem o El País. O diário madrileno adianta que a medida poderá afectar, de forma imediata, dez palestinianos que, há algum tempo foram condenados à morte por colaboracionismo com Israel. A pena de morte nos territórios autónomos palestinianos estava oficiosamente congelada há três anos por pressão da União Europeia e das organizações de direitos humanos, No entanto, face à anarquia reinante, Arafat decidiu recolocá-la em vigor ao mesmo tempo que dava ordens específicas aos chefes das forças de segurança para manterem as mesmas sob apertado controlo de forma a impedir deserções ou a participação de qualquer dos seus elementos em actividades contra as forças israelitas. Ao mesmo tempo que procura atacar o caos em Gaza e na Cisjordânia através de medidas que muitos consideram «draconianas», Arafat não perde de vista os seus críticos, que sanciona de imediato: que o diga um dos chefes policiais, que ficou sem carro porque se atreveu a criticá-lo ...
5 de março de 2004
Anedota
Um grupo de camponeses duma unidade agrícola vai visitar o Kremlin. Durante a visita um deles faz a Brejnev a seguinte pergunta:
- Quem é que inventou o comunismo científico? Os comunistas ou os cientistas?
- Bom...responde Brejnev foram os comunistas.
- Estás a ver? - exclamou o camponês, virando-se para outro - Eu bem dizia! Se fossem os cientistas, primeiro teriam experimentado em animais.
- Quem é que inventou o comunismo científico? Os comunistas ou os cientistas?
- Bom...responde Brejnev foram os comunistas.
- Estás a ver? - exclamou o camponês, virando-se para outro - Eu bem dizia! Se fossem os cientistas, primeiro teriam experimentado em animais.
Pérola
O ex-inspector de armas da ONU Hans Blix acredita que a guerra no Iraque foi ilegal. Em declarações ao diário britânico The Independent, publicadas esta sexta-feira, Blix diz que teria sido necessária uma segunda resolução da ONU que autorizasse explicitamente o uso da força para que a invasão fosse lícita.
Estas declarações coincidem com um discurso do primeiro-ministro britânico, Tony Blair, sobre o Iraque, onde está previsto que o dirigente se recuse a desculpar-se pela guerra e reitere que o mundo é melhor desde que Saddam Hussein não está à frente dos destinos do Iraque.
Na entrevista ao The Independent, Blix afirma que não «aceita o argumento de que a guerra era legal devido às violações por parte do Iraque das resoluções da ONU».
Blix negou que a resolução 1441 autorizasse o uso da força, tal como defendeu o conselheiro legal do governo britânico, Peter Goldsmith, já que resumia outras resoluções adoptadas após a primeira guerra do Golfo, em 1991.
Para Blix, tanto o presidente dos EUA, George W. Bush, como Blair têm de pagar por esta decisão unilateral. Todavia, ao invés de defender que ambos devem responder em tribunal, considera que deveriam ser castigados pelos cidadãos «no campo político» ao ser-lhes retirado o apoio nas próximas eleições.
Temos um sueco a dar lições de democracia à Inglaterra e aos Estados Unidos…
Estas declarações coincidem com um discurso do primeiro-ministro britânico, Tony Blair, sobre o Iraque, onde está previsto que o dirigente se recuse a desculpar-se pela guerra e reitere que o mundo é melhor desde que Saddam Hussein não está à frente dos destinos do Iraque.
Na entrevista ao The Independent, Blix afirma que não «aceita o argumento de que a guerra era legal devido às violações por parte do Iraque das resoluções da ONU».
Blix negou que a resolução 1441 autorizasse o uso da força, tal como defendeu o conselheiro legal do governo britânico, Peter Goldsmith, já que resumia outras resoluções adoptadas após a primeira guerra do Golfo, em 1991.
Para Blix, tanto o presidente dos EUA, George W. Bush, como Blair têm de pagar por esta decisão unilateral. Todavia, ao invés de defender que ambos devem responder em tribunal, considera que deveriam ser castigados pelos cidadãos «no campo político» ao ser-lhes retirado o apoio nas próximas eleições.
Temos um sueco a dar lições de democracia à Inglaterra e aos Estados Unidos…
3 de março de 2004
Conselho de Segurança no TPI
(de Ouagadougou)
Um grupo de juristas internacionais vai entrepor uma acção contra o Conselho de Segurança da Nações Unidas por ter aprovado sanções contra o regime Iraquiano.
O grupo de juristas argumenta que as sanções aprovadas foram devido à existência de Armas de Destruição Massiva, armas estas que se sabe hoje não existirem.
A acção colocará todos os membros do Conselho de Segurança que na altura aprovaram as múltiplas resoluções e eventualmente os Secretários Gerais. Estas resoluções custaram a vida de milhares de Iraquianos, acrescentaram os juristas.
Segundo fontes por nós contactadas este tipo de acções pode ser um passo em frente para a credibilidade do próprio TPI, pois ninguém se deve considerar acima da lei internacional.
Um grupo de juristas internacionais vai entrepor uma acção contra o Conselho de Segurança da Nações Unidas por ter aprovado sanções contra o regime Iraquiano.
O grupo de juristas argumenta que as sanções aprovadas foram devido à existência de Armas de Destruição Massiva, armas estas que se sabe hoje não existirem.
A acção colocará todos os membros do Conselho de Segurança que na altura aprovaram as múltiplas resoluções e eventualmente os Secretários Gerais. Estas resoluções custaram a vida de milhares de Iraquianos, acrescentaram os juristas.
Segundo fontes por nós contactadas este tipo de acções pode ser um passo em frente para a credibilidade do próprio TPI, pois ninguém se deve considerar acima da lei internacional.
Fundamentação da metafísica da propagação do som no vácuo
Quem nunca se maravilhou com os filmes de ficção cientifica nos quais as naves espaciais são atingidas por raios laser, explodindo de seguida com belos efeitos visuais e sonoros.
Efeitos sonoros? No vácuo? Isto é possível?
Tratando-se de um tema tão interessante foi realizado um pequeno estudo para averiguar esta possibilidade. Várias simplificações foram tidas em conta de modo a permitir que o estudo fosse efectuado com alguma celeridade.
Assim, partindo do principio que o som necessita de um suporte para se propagar (no caso da Terra é fundamentalmente o ar ou a água) vamos calcular esse meio no vácuo!
Considerando que a nave ao explodir propaga a sua matéria segundo uma esfera, calcula-se então qual será a densidade dessa esfera (a nave fica vaporizada!). Quando a densidade for muito pequena deixa de haver suporte e o som não se pode propagar.
Nave pequena:
Massa Distância Esfera
(Kg) (m) (Kg/m3)
1 000 1 239
1 000 2 30
1 000 3 9
1 000 4 4
1 000 6 1.1
1 000 10 0.2
1 000 100 0.0002
Nave grande:
Massa Distância Esfera
(Kg) (m) (Kg/m3)
100 000 1 23873
100 000 2 2984
100 000 3 884
100 000 4 373
100 000 6 111
100 000 10 24
100 000 27 1.2
100 000 50 0.2
100 000 100 0.02
100 000 500 0.0002
Visto isto chegamos à conclusão de que mesmo para uma nave grande, quando a esfera tem cerca de 30 metros a sua densidade já é igual à densidade do ar (1,2 kg/m3) e 500 metros “deixa de ter densidade” para sustentar o som.
Claro que ao fazermos estas simplificações não contabilizámos a própria dimensão da nave (para todos os efeitos foi considerada como um ponto) mas a sua contabilização apenas faria baixar a densidade ainda mais depressa.
Não foi tomado em consideração que a nave poderia não se volatilizar toda, existindo pedaços que ao embater na nossa nave (ou ouvidos) provocariam som.
E ainda a energia dissipada na explosão ao atingir a nossa nave (ou ouvidos) provocaria efeitos à superfície que poderiam dar origem a som.
De qualquer dos modos não seria o som da explosão mas sim o da nossa própria nave a “reagir” à explosão.
Efeitos sonoros? No vácuo? Isto é possível?
Tratando-se de um tema tão interessante foi realizado um pequeno estudo para averiguar esta possibilidade. Várias simplificações foram tidas em conta de modo a permitir que o estudo fosse efectuado com alguma celeridade.
Assim, partindo do principio que o som necessita de um suporte para se propagar (no caso da Terra é fundamentalmente o ar ou a água) vamos calcular esse meio no vácuo!
Considerando que a nave ao explodir propaga a sua matéria segundo uma esfera, calcula-se então qual será a densidade dessa esfera (a nave fica vaporizada!). Quando a densidade for muito pequena deixa de haver suporte e o som não se pode propagar.
Nave pequena:
Massa Distância Esfera
(Kg) (m) (Kg/m3)
1 000 1 239
1 000 2 30
1 000 3 9
1 000 4 4
1 000 6 1.1
1 000 10 0.2
1 000 100 0.0002
Nave grande:
Massa Distância Esfera
(Kg) (m) (Kg/m3)
100 000 1 23873
100 000 2 2984
100 000 3 884
100 000 4 373
100 000 6 111
100 000 10 24
100 000 27 1.2
100 000 50 0.2
100 000 100 0.02
100 000 500 0.0002
Visto isto chegamos à conclusão de que mesmo para uma nave grande, quando a esfera tem cerca de 30 metros a sua densidade já é igual à densidade do ar (1,2 kg/m3) e 500 metros “deixa de ter densidade” para sustentar o som.
Claro que ao fazermos estas simplificações não contabilizámos a própria dimensão da nave (para todos os efeitos foi considerada como um ponto) mas a sua contabilização apenas faria baixar a densidade ainda mais depressa.
Não foi tomado em consideração que a nave poderia não se volatilizar toda, existindo pedaços que ao embater na nossa nave (ou ouvidos) provocariam som.
E ainda a energia dissipada na explosão ao atingir a nossa nave (ou ouvidos) provocaria efeitos à superfície que poderiam dar origem a som.
De qualquer dos modos não seria o som da explosão mas sim o da nossa própria nave a “reagir” à explosão.
2 de março de 2004
Já só falta um
Os três partidos que constituem o Bloco de Esquerda vão se extinguir, trata-se evidentemente de um caso de Darwinismo político, só os mais aptos sobrevivem…
A saber, União das Democracias Portuguesas, o Partido Socialista Revolucionário e a Política XXI vão desaparecer, restando apenas o Bloco de Esquerda.
Proletários de todo o Portugal uni-vos para extinguir também o BE!
A saber, União das Democracias Portuguesas, o Partido Socialista Revolucionário e a Política XXI vão desaparecer, restando apenas o Bloco de Esquerda.
Proletários de todo o Portugal uni-vos para extinguir também o BE!
IRAQI HOLY DAY MASSACRE
Up to 143 people have been killed and hundreds more injured in a series of coordinated attacks in Iraq - the bloodiest day since the end of the war.
The simultaneous attacks in Karbala and Baghdad targeted Shia Muslims commemorating Ashura, the holiest day of their religious calendar and banned under Saddam's regime.
Up to 85 people were killed and 100 injured in the southern city of Karbala where around two million worshippers had gathered.
As many as five explosions were reported close to the city's two most sacred shrines.
US Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt said at least one suicide attacker blew himself up and pre-set explosives also went off in Karbala.
Civil war
In Baghdad, three suicide bombers set off their explosives in and around Baghdad's Kazimiya shrine, killing 58 and wounding 200.
Witnesses say at least three mortar rounds were fired at a crowd of thousands at the Khadimiya mosque in the north west of the city.
Sky News foreign affairs editor Tim Marshall said the aim of the attacks was to spark a civil war between Iraq's Shi'ite Muslim majority and Sunni Muslims, who supported Saddam Hussein.
US officials said they had intelligence to suggest insurgents planned to incite an internal conflict to drive Iraq's American administration from the country.
Grenade attack
Additional US troops had been posted around Karbala and other Shi'ite Muslim cities ahead of Ashura to deter attacks.
But following the atrocities, mobs in Baghdad, angered at the lack of security surrounding key Shia sites in the city, stoned US patrols.
Meanwhile in Pakistan, at least 20 people were killed when gunmen opened fire on a Shia procession marking the same holy day in the city of Quetta.
The simultaneous attacks in Karbala and Baghdad targeted Shia Muslims commemorating Ashura, the holiest day of their religious calendar and banned under Saddam's regime.
Up to 85 people were killed and 100 injured in the southern city of Karbala where around two million worshippers had gathered.
As many as five explosions were reported close to the city's two most sacred shrines.
US Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt said at least one suicide attacker blew himself up and pre-set explosives also went off in Karbala.
Civil war
In Baghdad, three suicide bombers set off their explosives in and around Baghdad's Kazimiya shrine, killing 58 and wounding 200.
Witnesses say at least three mortar rounds were fired at a crowd of thousands at the Khadimiya mosque in the north west of the city.
Sky News foreign affairs editor Tim Marshall said the aim of the attacks was to spark a civil war between Iraq's Shi'ite Muslim majority and Sunni Muslims, who supported Saddam Hussein.
US officials said they had intelligence to suggest insurgents planned to incite an internal conflict to drive Iraq's American administration from the country.
Grenade attack
Additional US troops had been posted around Karbala and other Shi'ite Muslim cities ahead of Ashura to deter attacks.
But following the atrocities, mobs in Baghdad, angered at the lack of security surrounding key Shia sites in the city, stoned US patrols.
Meanwhile in Pakistan, at least 20 people were killed when gunmen opened fire on a Shia procession marking the same holy day in the city of Quetta.
Pérola
O chefe do grupo de guerrilha xiita libanesa Hezbolah, Hassan Nasrallah, acusou implicitamente a Al Qaeda pelos atentados perpetrados esta terça-feira nas cidades iraquianas de Kerbala e Bagdad, onde peregrinos xiitas celebravam a festa religiosa de Ashura, classificando a rede terrorista de «medieval e fanática».
Sem citar pelo nome a rede de Osama bin Laden, Nasrallah acusou a rede terrorista durante a celebração da Ashura, a sul de Beirute. «Seria um consolo para nós que tivessem sido a Mossad e a CIA a perpetrarem os atentados», disse, perante uma multidão de mais de 100 mil pessoas.
«Mas trata-se de grupos fanáticos, obscurantistas, que vivem na Idade Média, que não têm nem razão, nem coração, nem ética», declarou.
Sem citar pelo nome a rede de Osama bin Laden, Nasrallah acusou a rede terrorista durante a celebração da Ashura, a sul de Beirute. «Seria um consolo para nós que tivessem sido a Mossad e a CIA a perpetrarem os atentados», disse, perante uma multidão de mais de 100 mil pessoas.
«Mas trata-se de grupos fanáticos, obscurantistas, que vivem na Idade Média, que não têm nem razão, nem coração, nem ética», declarou.
25 de fevereiro de 2004
Pérola...
José Neves escreve no Público de 24 de Fevereiro de 2004 “Da Privacidade Contra o Estado”.
Começa por nos pedir para nós desconfiar-mos perante da promessa “menos estado”. Desconfiemos então…
Segue-se depois o normal chorrilho de verdades universais, a saber:
Os jovens empresários são neoliberais e suponho fonte de todos os males, os menos jovens empresários devem ser comunistas…
A fábula do neoliberalismo vai dar origem a um Robin dos Bosques ao Ccontrário (RdBaC), ou seja rouba aos pobres para dar aos ricos! LINDO!!!
A direita não percebe nada de políticas de saúde pública pois não permite as salas de chuto.
O estado está transformado na utopia extremista, de direita claro senão seria a Realidade Moderada!
O RdBaC até tem o desplante de limitar a entrada de imigrantes em Portugal! Isto parece conversa de neo-nazi! Claro que podíamos deixar entrar todos os que quisessem, com sorte algum deles podia substituir José Neves na ATTAC – perdão quando é que são as próximas eleições?
E chegamos à cereja em cima do bolo: o líder da CIP Van Zeller é um gajo porreiro!!!
Fico a seber também que a ATTAC quer que nós paguemos mais impostos! Nada de reformas fiscais! Será para subsidiar algumas ONGs?
Sabemos que as alternativas ao poder do estado são as centrais sindicais, fóruns sociais vários e movimentos globais, claro que todos democraticamente eleitos pelo … povo?
PS: já foste mobilizado para a guerra?
Começa por nos pedir para nós desconfiar-mos perante da promessa “menos estado”. Desconfiemos então…
Segue-se depois o normal chorrilho de verdades universais, a saber:
Os jovens empresários são neoliberais e suponho fonte de todos os males, os menos jovens empresários devem ser comunistas…
A fábula do neoliberalismo vai dar origem a um Robin dos Bosques ao Ccontrário (RdBaC), ou seja rouba aos pobres para dar aos ricos! LINDO!!!
A direita não percebe nada de políticas de saúde pública pois não permite as salas de chuto.
O estado está transformado na utopia extremista, de direita claro senão seria a Realidade Moderada!
O RdBaC até tem o desplante de limitar a entrada de imigrantes em Portugal! Isto parece conversa de neo-nazi! Claro que podíamos deixar entrar todos os que quisessem, com sorte algum deles podia substituir José Neves na ATTAC – perdão quando é que são as próximas eleições?
E chegamos à cereja em cima do bolo: o líder da CIP Van Zeller é um gajo porreiro!!!
Fico a seber também que a ATTAC quer que nós paguemos mais impostos! Nada de reformas fiscais! Será para subsidiar algumas ONGs?
Sabemos que as alternativas ao poder do estado são as centrais sindicais, fóruns sociais vários e movimentos globais, claro que todos democraticamente eleitos pelo … povo?
PS: já foste mobilizado para a guerra?
23 de fevereiro de 2004
Jiahad
BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- A car bomb attack on a police station in the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk early Monday killed six people and wounded 35 others, including some Iraqi police officers, a representative of the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division said. Police said dozens have been killed or injured.
18 de fevereiro de 2004
Guerra Santa
BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Twin suicide vehicle-bomb attacks on a coalition base south of Baghdad on Wednesday morning killed eight Iraqis, U.S. military officials said, the latest in a series of bloody strikes harming civilians, military officials said.
The attacks injured 44 people, including 12 coalition troops -- ten Polish, one American and one Hungarian, officials said. The two bombers also died.
The attacks injured 44 people, including 12 coalition troops -- ten Polish, one American and one Hungarian, officials said. The two bombers also died.
16 de fevereiro de 2004
Danos Colaterais
BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Two Iraqi children and two U.S. soldiers died in three separate explosions Monday in Iraq, coalition and Iraqi officials said.
An explosion around 2 p.m. (6 a.m. ET) Monday killed the two children and wounded three others at an elementary school in the Khadimiya district of central Baghdad, U.S. military spokesman Brigadier Gen. Mark Kimmitt said.
An explosion around 2 p.m. (6 a.m. ET) Monday killed the two children and wounded three others at an elementary school in the Khadimiya district of central Baghdad, U.S. military spokesman Brigadier Gen. Mark Kimmitt said.
26 de janeiro de 2004
Fehér
Ontem faleceu o jogador do Benfica Miklos Fehér.
Foi durante o jogo com o Guimarães.
Tinha 24 anos.
Foi durante o jogo com o Guimarães.
Tinha 24 anos.
16 de janeiro de 2004
Danos Colaterais
A roadside bomb detonated Friday in Baghdad, wounding three children and an interpreter, according to a U.S. Army major.
One of the children was in serious condition, the Army official said.
An informant tipped off U.S.-led coalition forces about the location of an improvised explosive device in a residential area of the Iraqi capital, the official said. While the troops tried to secure the area, the bomb detonated -- either by remote control or by timer -- near two U.S. soldiers, the official said. But no coalition forces were injured, he said.
One of the children was in serious condition, the Army official said.
An informant tipped off U.S.-led coalition forces about the location of an improvised explosive device in a residential area of the Iraqi capital, the official said. While the troops tried to secure the area, the bomb detonated -- either by remote control or by timer -- near two U.S. soldiers, the official said. But no coalition forces were injured, he said.
Doutrinação
Estou em fase de doutrinação... ainda me falta reler o manifesto do partido comunista
9 de janeiro de 2004
A VIRAGEM
Aos poucos e poucos os bastiões franceses do pensamento esquerdistas vão mudando de opinião.
Já começam a discutir as políticas do Bush sem uma única vez lhe chamarem estúpido, burro iletrado, etc.…
Daqui a uns tempos vamos ver a esquerda a louvar o Bush? Que horror!
Para mais ver: http://www.lexpress.fr/express/info/chroniques/dossier/guetta/dossier.asp
Já começam a discutir as políticas do Bush sem uma única vez lhe chamarem estúpido, burro iletrado, etc.…
Daqui a uns tempos vamos ver a esquerda a louvar o Bush? Que horror!
Para mais ver: http://www.lexpress.fr/express/info/chroniques/dossier/guetta/dossier.asp
22 de agosto de 2003
PRIMEIRO
este é o blog da lontra e do gordo
